Managment 3000 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managment 3000 - Assignment Example 2. The key stakeholders would obviously be top management and the board of directors. Management would likely be in favor of researching the drug while the directors would be worried more on the financial side of things. As the company does tend to focus on the human need, then it is likely to pursue the drug. 3. If research does go ahead on the drug, then it has the potential to cure millions of people worldwide in some of the poorest areas of the globe. The cost would be that valuable research dollars would be spent on individuals who could not afford to purchase the medicine, and so the company's profits would likely be reduced. Chapter 5 Management Live 5.5 on page 181 This Management Live discusses the importance of picking the right communication channel to convey different information. Importantly, technology is not always the answer to sending messages. As evidenced at Google, where technology dominates, posters taped to doors was an effective way to draw attention. If the au dience is being overloaded in one channel, presenters might want to try to send their message through another channel. Or, presenters can alter the channel in a creative way to attract attention. Read the section in the chapter about communication channels as they relate to information richness and topic complexity. Consider the following messages and discuss which communication channel would be most effective in each scenario and why. 1. Managers at a shipping facility are concerned by the number of back injuries employees are suffering due to improper lifting techniques. Workers have already been trained on proper lifting, so how can management get the message to â€Å"stick†? Management can get the message to stick by placing printed out reminders on boxes and containers so that employees are presented with the correct lifting technique just before they are about to lift something. 2. A college professor wants her students to participate in a research project in the evenin g. How should she send this message so students will notice it and participate? The college professor should set up a Facebook group for the research project so that students can discuss the project while socializing with their friends. The students are far more likely to participate if it is on a user-friendly medium. 3. An employee is frustrated by his job. He feels like his boss doesn’t give him enough direction about the goals and expectations of the job. How can he best communicate this message to his boss? The employee can get the attention of his boss by requesting a face-to-face meeting. Employers are constantly busy, so sending an email or paper note would likely be passed over. Talking to the boss in his or her office allows the employee to get direct to the point and not waste any unnecessary time for the boss. Chapter 6 Gina is a manager at a customer call center for an insurance company. Gina has noticed a lot of areas for improvement in the performance of her cu stomer service agents. The following list describes the behaviors that Gina would like all customer service agents to perform. 1. Keeping customer call times short (company target is for agents to respond to 15 customer calls per hour). 2. Giving correct information about insurance policies to customers. 3. Logging detailed notes about the customer call in the online database. 4. Being a good listener and being polite and professional even when the customer is angry.

The Implications, Benefits, Research, And The Assessment Of Serious Essay

The Implications, Benefits, Research, And The Assessment Of Serious Gaming Integration Into The K-12 Educational Model - Essay Example In particular, digital games have emerged as rather common educational games and teaching tools. An important aspect of educational games is that they should be and are designed to fit learner needs and different tasks and activities that k-12 educational systems require learners to undertake at school and at home (Krumholz 2). Before delving deeper into the implications and benefits of integrating gaming into the k-12 educational system, it is essential to understand what educational gaming is. In essence, an educational game is a game designed and constructed in a manner that teaches human beings, especially school-going children on the various subjects and aspects of life taught at school. In other words, educational games teach children not only learning skills but also real-life skills. Fortunately for educational games and children in the k-12 educational systems, stakeholders such as educators, parents, and governments have largely appreciated the role of educational gaming in recent times (Krumholz 5). This change of attitude in stakeholders has resulted in the increased realization and awareness on the physical, educational, and psychological benefits and implications of gaming on learning and development of learners in the k-12 educational systems. Consequently, educational gaming has become conventional in educational systems as a teaching tool. ... Gaming thus helps learners enjoy their fundamental needs of learning, which include involvement, enjoyment, passion, and motivation, gratification of one’s ego, creativity, and emotional stability (Krumholz 5). Of great importance is the role of educational gaming in supporting social interactions among k-12 learners. Besides its physical and psychological implications, educational gaming also has biological and evolutionary benefits for learners. For instance, gaming helps learners in connectivity, movements, brain growth and development. Games, particularly computer games are thus not merely entertainments tool in educational settings. There are numerous ways in which gaming helps transform k-12 educational system learners. The first implication is with regards to changing the process of learning. Second, games change peoples’ view of learning as a process characterized by strictness that only permits certain academic activities and performances, thereby making learni ng a more relaxed and friendly exercise. In the end, learners enjoy learning since they no longer view it as excessively demanding and strict on their part. In addition, educational gaming, more so computer games, should not be viewed as just another multi-billion industry out to make money from parents and schools; rather, educational games help children see and participate in new worlds that may have remained closed to them (Krumholz 6). In this sense, educational gaming enables learners to act, talk, think, and inhabit roles and responsibilities that might have remained inaccessible as they concentrate only on books and other traditional forms of classroom work. It is the virtual world of games such as computer games, which give educational games their powerful learning context

Multiferroics: Explanation of Types and Plants

Multiferroics: Explanation of Types and Plants Chapter 2 Multiferroics 2.1 Introduction to Multiferroics: H. Schmid used the term multiferroic for the first time in 1994. Those materials which combine multiple ferroic properties such as ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity and ferroelasticity are known as multiferroics. Simultaneous coexistence of at least two ferroic properties takes place in the same phase in multiferroics. It has the feasibility of exhibiting coupling between ferroelectricity and magnetism which is known as the magnetoelectric effect (ME). This ME enables the external electric field to change magnetization [1]. Each multiferroic property is closely connected to symmetry. The principal ferroic properties can be characterized by their behavior under time and space inversion. For example the direction of polarization P is reversed by Space inversion while leaving the magnetization M invariant. In turn, time reversal will change the sign of M, while the sign of P remains invariant. A simultaneous violation of space and time inversion symmetry is required by Magnetoelectric multiferroics [2]. There are also various potential applications of multiferroic such as information storage, spintronics, sensors and microelectronics devices in the field of material science due to the presence of strong coupling of electric, magnetic and structural order parameters. These parameters gave rise to simultaneous occurrence of ferroelectricity, ferroelasticity and ferromagnetism [3]. Application of magnetic field can induce intrinsic polarization and application of external electric field can induce magnetization in any magnetoelectric compound. Apart of industrial application, these coupling of properties in magnetoelectric compounds makes them important from physics point of view because of their enriched physical properties. However very few materials shows both these ferroic properties at or above room temperature [4]. Two fundamental forces of nature are magnetism and electricity. Combination of these two properties in a single multiferroic material is applicable for many practical applications such as they can be used as magnetic sensors in which the sign of their electric polarization changes with a small magnetic field. These effects are important to understand as multiferroics are not only quite rare but their properties also helps to develop materials where these effects are suitably strong for applications. A beam of x-rays are used to study the magnetic properties of multiferroics. The electronic states of the iron ions in the crystal are specifically probed by the x-rays which are related to its magnetic properties. This experiment reveals that these electronic states extend throughout the material in a periodic manner. It breaks the crystal symmetry and leads to a shift of the electrically charged atoms in the crystal which is responsible for multiferroic properties. Each iron atoms is surrounded by a symmetric arrangement of oxygen atoms and the magnetic moments of the iron atoms are in disorder at room temperature whereas the magnetic moments are assumed to have the shape of a screw at low temperatures. The energy of the chemical bonds are slightly altered by each magnetic moment in the crystal which depends on the relative orientation between the chemical bond direction and the magnetic moment. The resulting force distorts the crystal structure which leads to an electric polarization [5]. Recently, multiferroics due to their potential properties such as comprising of ferroelectric and ferromagnetic ordering in elastically distorted systems have drawn a major attention of researchers for fabrication of magnetic and ferroelectric devices. High dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, high temperature phase transition and small structural distortion occurs mainly due to the electric, magnetic and stress field applied on the materials for multifunctional applications. In the process of development of new materials, many novel materials have been detected for different purposes due to their useful and interesting properties [6]. 2.2 Types of Multiferroics: Multiferroics can be divided into two groups: Type-I Multiferroics2) Type-II Multiferroics Type-I Multiferroics: This type of multiferroics are older, more numerous and are good ferroelectrics. Above room temperature, the critical temperatures of the magnetic and ferroelectric transitions can be well. In these materials, the coupling between magnetism and ferroelectricity is unfortunately weak [14]. Different origin of ferroelectricity and magnetism in type-I multiferroic are mostly due to different active subsystems of a material. There is a certain coupling between breaking time reversal symmetry, breaking spatial inversion symmetry, ferroelectric order parameter, magnetic order parameter in such type-I multiferroics. In these materials, ferroelectricity can have a number of possible microscopic origins [7]. For example: BiFeO3 with the ferroelectric transition temperature Tc higher then the Neel transition temperature TN. [8] Type-II Multiferroics: Due to the recent discovery of a novel class of multiferroics, there is the biggest excitement as ferroelectricity exists only in a magnetically ordered state and is caused by a particular type of magnetism. A nonzero electric polarization occurs in the low temperature phase [14] . For example CuFeO2 with Tc = TN [15]. The magnetic and/or electric polarization of the barrier controls the current driven through a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) with a multiferroic tunnel barrier. Multiferroic tunnel junctions is referred to the junctions with a multiferroic tunnel barrier. The use of a multiferroic material as a tunnel barrier and ferromagnetic materials as leads in MFTJs would lead to 8 possible resistive states of such junctions [9]. Figure 1.3: Multiferroic tunneljunction (left) and eight resistive states that it provides (right). The ferroelectric polarization is depicted with the black arrow; the white arrow stands for the magnetization. Cupric Ferrite (CFO): type-II multiferroic has attracted increasing attention due to the recent discovery of ferroelectricity in the first magnetic field induced phase. It is considered as a distinct class of magnetoelectric (ME) multiferroics [10]. Magnetic field induced generates a spontaneous electric polarization parallel to the helical axis in delafossite compound CuFeO2 [11]. Delafossite crystals have general formula ABO2, where A represents cations which are linearly co-ordinated with two oxygen ions and B represents cations, situated in distorted edge-sharing BO6 octahedra [12]. The materials possesse R m space group and have found very useful device applications because of different properties such as superconductivity, large magnetoresistance, thermoelectric effects and multiferroicity [13]. It has Hexagonal crystal structure. Figure 1.Crystal structure of CuFeO2 with the hexagonal unit cell [14] These effects make them potential candidates for device applications in such kind of multiferroic materials. CFO was first discovered by Friedel and Hebd12 in 1873 and it is considered to be one of the promising materials of this group [15]. CFO was broadly studied in past decade due to its pleasing antiferromagnetic properties at liquid helium temperatures. Numerous magnetic phase transitions and multiferroicity due to geometrical frustrations at low temperature are seen by this antiferromagnet on a triangular lattice [16, 17, 18, 19]. The delafossite structure of CFO consists of hexagonal layers of Cu, O and Fe accumulated with a Cu-O-Fe sequence along the c-axis in order to form a layered triangular lattice antiferromagnet. It is a p-type semiconductor with low conductivity ÏÆ'=1.53 53 S/cm, high Seebeck coefficient S=544 V/K, and a small bandgap of 1.15 eV. The electrical and optoelectrical properties of CFO were explored by by Benko and Koffyberg [20, 21]. By combining two of the fundamental forces of nature i.e magnetism and electricity in a single multiferroic material in which one controls the other is not only of basic interest, but also significant for practical applications. Multiferroic materials can also be used as magnetic sensors in which the sign of their electric polarization is changed with a small magnetic field. A new mechanism has been verified after studying the properties of the multiferroic CuFeO2 by which magnetism and electricity can be coupled in a single material. Magnetism and ferroelectricity are coupled in different ways in multiferroics. Apart of multiferroics being quite rare, a better understanding of their properties is essential as it helps to develop materials where these effects are suitably strong for applications. the magnetic properties of CuFeO2 using a beam of x-rays were studied by the researchers. This study reveals that these electronic states extend throughout the material in a periodic manner which is directly responsible for the multiferroic properties as it breaks the crystal symmetry and leads to a shift of the electrically charged atoms in the crystal. Each of the iron atoms is surrounded by a symmetric arrangement of oxygen atoms and the magnetic moments of the iron atoms are in disorder at room temperature. The energy of the chemical bonds is slightly altered by each magnetic moment in the crystal which depends on the relative orientation between the magnetic moment and the chemical bond direction. The crystal structure is then distorted by the resulting force which leads to an electric polarization [22]. Several routes for the synthesis of multiferroics are being applied such as solid state synthesis hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel processing, Sol-Gel autocombustion, vacuum based deposition, floating zone [23]. In the present study, modified Sol-Gel autocombustion technique is used. Processing techniques influence the physical properties and the ideal synthesis techniques provide superior control over the parameters such as crystallite size, distribution of particle sizes and interparticle spacing which have the greatest impact on the magnetic and other properties [24, 25]. In present work we have adopted sol-gel auto-combustion technique because of some advantages over other methods like the reagents are simple compounds, special equipments are not required, agglomeration of powders remains limited and dopant can be easily introduced into the final product. The properties of the final product such as particle size, surface area and porosity depend on the method of combustion [26, 27] 2.3 Plants: According to the literature reviews, various microorganisms such as fungi, yeasts algae and bacteria are used for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles but presently a new trend has come to force the use of plants for the fabrication of nanoparticles because of its spontaneous, economical, eco-friendly protocol, suitable for large scale production and single step technique for the biosynthesis process [28]. The major mechanism examined for the synthesis of nanoparticles mediated by the plants is due to the presence of phytochemicals which are responsible for the spontaneous reduction of ions are flavonoids, terpenoids, carboxylic acids, quinones, aldehydes, ketones and amides [29]. The botanical details about the currently used flowers for the study of synthesis of Cupric Ferrite are as follows: Delonix Regia [30] Rosa indica: [31] Vinca [32] Hibiscus [33] Jasmine [34] Euphobia milli [35] Alamanda [36] References [1] I. E. Dzyaloshinskii, Sov. Phys. JETP 10, 628 (1960). [2] Hill, J.Phys. Chem. B 104, 6694 (2000). [3] M. E. McHENRY and D. E. LAUGHLIN, Acta mater. 48, 223, (2000). [4] Samar Layek* and H. C. Verma,Adv. Mat. Lett. 3(6), 533 (2012). [5] Tanaka, Y., et al. Incommensurate orbital modulation behind ferroelectricity in CuFeO2, PHYS REV LETT. 109, 127205, (2012). [6] Jyoshna Rout, R. Padhee, Piyush R. Das and R.N.P. Choudhary, Adv. Appl. Phy. 1 105, (2013). [7] Daniel Khomskii, Classifying multiferroics: Mechanisms and effects, Am. J. Phys. 2, 20 (2009). [8] Randy Fishman, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division, Monday, 22 September, 2014 [9] http://inside.hlrs.de/htm/Edition_01_11/article_11.html [10] T. Nakajima, S. Mitsuda, K. Takahashi, M. Yamano, K. Masuda, and H. Yamazaki, Am. J. Phys. 79, 214423 (2009). [11] S. Mitsuda, M. Yamano, K. Kuribara, T. Nakajima, K. Masuda, K. Yoshitomi, N. Terada, H. Kitazawa, K. Takenakaand, T. Takamasu, Am. J. Phys. 200, 1 (2010). [12]S. P. Pavunny, Ashok Kumar and R. S. Katiyar, J. Appl. Phys. 107, 1 (2010). [13] F. A. Benko and F. P. Koffyberg, J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 45, 57 (1984). [14] S. Mitsuda, M. Yamano, K. Kuribara, T. Nakajima, K. Masuda, K. Yoshitomi, N. Terada, H. Kitazawa, K. Takenakaand, T. Takamasu, Am. J. Phys. 200, 1 (2010). [15] Shojan P. Pavunny, Ashok Kumar, and R. S. Katiyar, J. Appl. Phys. 107, 013522 (2010) [16] T. Kimura, C. Lashley, and A. P. Ramirez, Phys. Rev. B 73, 220401  (2006). [17] S. Seki, Y. Yamasaki, Y. Shiomi, S. Iguchi, Y. Onose, and Y. Tokura, Phys. Rev. B 75, 100403 (2007). [18] S. Omeiri, Y. Gabes, A. Bouguelia, and M. Trari, J. Electroanal. Chem.  614, 31 (2008). [19] H. Takahashi, Y. Motegi, R. Tsuchigane, and M. Hasegawa, J. Magn.  Magn. Mater. 216, 272, (2004). [20] F. A. Benko and F. P. Koffyberg, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 45, 57 (1984). [21] F. A. Benko and F. P. Koffyberg, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 48, 431 (1987). [22] Tanaka, Y., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 127205 (2012). [23] D. Varshney et al., J. Alloys Compd. 509, 8421 (2011) [24] Candac T S, Carpenter E E, O’Connor C J, John V T and Li S, IEEE Trans. Magn. 34, 1111 (1998). [25]Pillai V, Kumar P, Hou M J, Ayyub P and Shah D O,Adv. Coll. Int. Sc. 55, 241 (1995). [26] Aruna S T and Patil K C, Nano Structr. Mater. 10, 955 (1998). [27]M.Y. Salunkhe, D.S. Choudhry, D.K. Kulkarni, Vibr. Spectrosc. 34, 221  (2004) [28] Huang J, Li Q, Sun D, Lu Y, Su Y, Yang X, Wang H, Wang Y, Shao W, He N, Hong J, Chen C, Nanotechnology 18: 105104 (2007). [29] Sukumaran Prabhu* and Eldho K Poulose, Int Nano Lett. 2:32, 1 (2012). [30] http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=DERE [31] http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ROIN5 [32] http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=VINCA [33] http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=HIRO3 [34]https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=displayclassid=JASMI [35]https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=displayclassid=EUPHO [36] http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ALCA7

Comparing Song of Roland, The Life Story of Pavlichenko, and The Prince :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Comparing Song of Roland, The Life Story of Pavlichenko, and The Prince Abstract: By evaluating different approaches of rulers to their vassals, in The Song of Roland and The Life Story of Pavlichenko, Matvey Rodionych, it is shown that Machiavelli made a mistake when he came up with his general rule: â€Å"It is much safer to be feared than loved, if hi is to fail in one of the two.† (Machiavelli, 54). Darwin explained in his theory of natural selection, which primarily explains evolution, however also can be applied to any other situation in which sustainability is the primary concern as in ruler – vassal relationships, that only the strongest survived. Disregarding this fact Machiavelli came up with a false theory. Charlemagne is loved and succeeds, and only when hated he gets in danger. Nikitinsky is feared and dies. Both stories suit the condition of Machiavelli’s rule, and still it fails. When Darwin came up with his theory of natural selection, he explained why rulers, once they have acquired power, behave in a certain way that, to their belief, sustains their position. 1 Approximately 350 years earlier, Niccolà ² Machiavelli formulated a set of rules which was supposed to support rulers, in his case the prince of Milan, in doing so. One of his rules is: â€Å"It is much safer for a ruler to be feared than loved, if he is to fail in one of the two†(Machiavelli, 54). Juxtaposing The Song of Roland and The Life Story of Pavlichenko, Matvey Rodionych, two stories written on the bases of Ruler – Vassal relations, it becomes doubtful whether Machiavelli’s theory can be taken as cornerstone for any ruler’s principles. The theory of natural selection is widely accepted and will therefore be taken as fact in this argument. Darwin states in his theory that only the strongest survive. That suggests that a ruler’s position is only sustainable if he is stronger than his subjects and adversaries. Stronger in this case can be both, physically for example through armed forces or even physical strength, and psychologically for example through the use of superior rhetoric or wit. In most cases however, a combination of both will be necessary. In examining the relation of the ruler to his vassals, it is just as important to take into account other goals the ruler might have besides sustaining his position. His priority might also be the general well-being and the continuous development of his

Majestica Hotel in Shanghai?

Majestica was founded in Western Europe and focused exclusively on Europe and the United States initially, the expansion into China had been on management’s agenda since 1999, the opportunity emerged in late 2003, Majestica’s proposal to operate the luxury hotel satisfied CPS’s ambition to build a pre-eminent hotel in Shanghai, but there are 5 issues between Majestica and CPS. First, the length of contract term, Majestica asked for a contract term of 55 years, it was based in its typical management contract term in the world, CPS just had been prepared to offer 12 years, it based on the level of licensing in China. After consideration, CPS made a concession, CPS countered with an offer of 30 years, but Majestica insisted that the hotel management contract term should be at least 50 years. Second, pre-opening assistance, CPS couldn’t accept Majestica’s request for retaining the approval right over all design aspects relating to the hotel, Majestica argued that it was make sure that the hotel would be developed as an excellent hotel. Third, name of the hotel, CPS suggested that the hotel be named â€Å"Shanghai Oceania – Majestica Hotel†, but Majestica insisted â€Å"Majestica Hotel, Shanghai†. Fourth, the form of the hotel should be defined well. The purpose for CPS, they require the owner should have the privileges that have the special access to the hotel and the office use as a hotel room, but Majestica thinks it would make confusion for the hotel management. Majestica really sticks to its philosophy of the hotel management. Fifth, the sovereignty of Corporate Governance, CPS proposed Chinese general manager would be used in the near future, the number of the expatriate managers should be reduce and local managers trained to replace them, and the equipment purchase in domestic also, but Majestica believes that the competence of the general manager was more important issue than their Chinese background, did not believe the local people would have the ability to achieve the service culture. Besides, Majestica insisted that it must have the exclusive responsibility and authority on hiring general staffing and buying facilities, the owner have not any privileges, also a minority equity position. The management contract is complicated between the owner and the technical supplier, so, inevitably, Majestica and CPS must have to communicate a great deal of times. In these negotiations, if we were Majestica. We would make concessions in appropriate range. As a later entrant and in the new emerging market-China, it must have to be inferior and sacrifice a lot to enter the market and impress customers, especially the communist policy in China and the trade partner-CPS. We will afraid that the extra demand and requirement to CPS will provoke the government negative feelings no matter municipal or the China government. If did that, it must be the most difficult to gain the access to this potential market, even though the contract is so disadvantageous to us. Technically, the attributes of Majestica can’t be doubted. We will insist the professional to maintain and develop our quality. Like the 30 length of contract to prevent the leasing of our tips and exclusive technique of the management; the equipments in hotel could let them make decisions on several items, but the special items should keep to stay the style and the luxury level; the staffing would be trained, capable and selected as a fixed rate between foreigner and local people; we could make the concession on the general manager and the owner’s access to hotel rooms, but it depends on the general manager ability not the nationality and try the best not to influence the management; we will also try our best to be nice and friendly in negotiation and arbitration place. Last but not the least, the name to get into the new market is vital, so we will stick our opinion and not to change . On the other hand, if Majestica refuses to make concessions, what the action will we take as CPS? We won’t walk away emotionally because the Chinese market is opening to the whole world now; it is a good opportunity for CPS to get some more experiences with big company such as Majestica. To make up this business connection, it is not only benefiting for these years, but also help them to find out what kind of position they can be fitted in. In another way to talk about it, the hardest part of this situation is both of them have different operating philosophy. We can say there is not only one way to lead success, however doing the right thing, giving the customers what they expect will always be the same rules for no doubt. Actually, CPS should pay more efforts to understand why Majestica can get on the top place in this industry. And then, they would know why Majestica asks for so many requests. Only if CPS and Majestica get the complete information which both of them should know, they can start to discuss about making concessions. Otherwise, it could be a chemistry situation without any reaction as no one takes in other’s shoes. The brand-new market, the brand-maintaining firm with principles and strong philosophy of managing, the huge investor as the owner of the hotel with nationalist and hoping to do best in china market with low cost, each of them weave a complex and profound issue which deserves us to debate deeply. It is crucial to think about that how to gain into the new market as a later entrant; how to maintain the quality and philosophy against the investor with demands.

How has environment influenced who I have become? Essay

How has environment influenced who I have become? According to Merriem-Webster, environment is â€Å"the circumstances, objects, or conditions by which one is surrounded.† Many people believe that our environment is not in danger. With advance of technology, certain thinks that we are not in worry of natural resources renew, recycling and exploitation of new energy. There are also many people who believe that one person’s effort is insignificant in global environment change. Colin Beavan is one of several pro-environmental who contribute to provide awareness in how environment is in danger. As the person I have become, environment has affected my everyday life. â€Å"I didn’t just want to have no carbon impact, I wanted to have no environmental impact†, Beavan said. (P.14) This environmentalist has struggled about ways to get the environment clean. As Colin Beavan im against carbon pollution that kill our trees, creates global warming etc. as long as human continues to pollute the environment with carbons from vehicles, airplanes, spill of toxic waste, humanity will get more troubles with the raise of divers illnesses, the lack of vegetation, the growth of desertification especially where I came from. Environmental impact comes from the non-respect of the nature. For example chemicals products use is the major concerned fact. Where I came, the government doesn’t have the economic power to face this, so, everybody does whatever they want without paying attention to the environment. According to Beavan, â€Å"I have to be an experiment in putting the habit first and seeing how that affects us.† (P.16) Beavan, which is the author of â€Å"No Impact Man† try to give the right behavior if wants to be a no impact man. For that him and his family were the first experiment for their project. It influences me too much because everything people want do in life, they have to be the first who will endure that. At the beginning, he stopped driving a car because of car pollution, and then he eliminated the plastic bags, controlled his trashes and eat only natural food. I think if we both start a least by trying to do the same, environment will be much better than it is  right now. â€Å"I blew my nose on a dead tree†, Beaven critiqued. (P.20) Have chosen to be a â€Å"No Impact Man† has it part of recriminations. He as all of us realized that in today’s world it is so difficult to go against our past habits but it is possible. So Beavan did. For example, when we try to make the environment better and accidentally make pollution by any manners, we recriminate ourselves and try to give up, but if we have real objectives to change the environment we could. Environment is not just one person’s conduct, but it could be one person’s conduct to changes others behavior. In conclusion, Colin Beavan is one of impressive people who give the right way to help protecting environment. He put himself as experiment in danger in order to guide people’s conscience. With â€Å"No Impact Man†, I found inspiration to protect in my way the environment. Since that, I try to eat natural food, living with the minimum necessary and try to get my environment clean and healthy.

The Failure of Leadership in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina

The Failure of Leadership in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina exposed the shocking degree of unpreparedness of the Federal Government, FEMA, various local and state officials, and the residents of New Orleans when it comes to dealing with hurricane-force winds and massive flooding brought by the said storm. In the initial days of the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina many questions were left unanswered.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Failure of Leadership in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Why was there no effective and efficient evacuation plan? Where were the Army and the National Guard? Where was FEMA? And as the questions kept piling up, it became clear that local and state officials failed to plan, and they underestimated Katrina. Thus the local residents paid dearly for this oversight. Synopsis The basis for the discussion on what went wrong in the attempt to contain, manage, and deal with the impact of Hurricane Kat rina is Frontline’sdocumentary entitled The Storm. Frontline’s investigative journalists led by Martin Smith attempted to probe deeper into the emergency and disaster response fiasco. They used video footages taken by New Orleans residents, amateur videos taken by local officials, news footages and combined these with excerpts of video clips taken from one-on-one interviews with experts in the field of emergency disaster preparedness as well local and state officials supposedly in-charge of the disaster. At the end Frontline concluded that there was a failure of leadership and the cost of unpreparedness was the significant loss of lives and damage to property worth billions of dollars. Lessons Learned In the first chapter of Frontline’s documentary, Martin Smith interviewed an emergency disaster preparedness expert and he said that for many years prior to Hurricane Katrina there were no catastrophic event of that magnitude that hit mainland USA. He said that FEM A had to study events that occurred in other countries in order to help in the preparation for such an event. In other words no one knew what to expect and there was no urgency to make serious preparations because for many years nothing has happened. This was a major factor that was overlooked by the planners who tried to lessen the impact of Katrina. They were unaware of the high level of complacency that exists within the government when it comes to emergency disaster preparedness. This attitude created a chain reaction of events that would lead to the worst natural catastrophe in this nation’s history. This should never happen again. Since there was this attitude regarding emergency disaster management the Federal Government and even local and state officials found little value with a federally funded agency such as FEMA. As a result past presidents would appoint the next FEMA chief not on the basis of qualifications but as a way to return a favor.Advertising Looki ng for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the case of former president George W. Bush he appointed his campaign manager to this post. From the time of Reagan up to the time of Bush all appointees had no background or any type of expertise related to emergency disaster preparedness. This should never happen again. Local and state officials were also infected with this complacency problem. In the early phase of the documentary the commander of the National Guard – who called from Baton Rogue – contacted a subordinate stationed at Jackson Barracks asking for a status report and in the middle of their conversation the soldier said to hold the line because he is going to inspect something and then he returned saying that he did not know why but water is rising fast and in a few moments he said that the cars in the parking lot were already afloat. This was a revealing interview because it shows t hat no one was prepared. It was all right for a New Orleans resident to be ignorant of what was going on around him but the National Guard, the commanders and the soldiers should have been given an update that there are levies preventing the city from being engulfed in a massive flood but the moment those levies were compromised, New Orleans will be swept away. They should have known but no one knew. So everyone was caught by surprise. This should never happen again. The primary problem is failure in leadership. There are at least two aspects in leadership failure that contributed much to magnify the disaster in New Orleans. First, no one knew the identity of the coordinator, the person in-charge, the one who can rally the troops and make decisions that would be followed by all. They knew there was FEMA, the local officials, and the U.S. President but it seems that everyone was just reacting to the situation, what was needed was a true leader leading the charge and no one was there. The second aspect is the lack of communication from the ground up to the highest levels of government. According to emergency disaster management experts, local officials often told them that â€Å"†¦figuring out whom they were supposed to work with in the federal government was taking so much time that it hurt their ability to save lives and protect property† (Blackstone, Bognanno, Hakim, 2005) The same thing can be said about the Katrina incident. There was an urgent need for interoperability but it was not available to the first responders. The major consequence of failure in leadership – coordination, planning, decision-making, and communication – is unpreparedness. And the cost of being unprepared was staggering. It devastated the Gulf Coast, and flooded New Orleans. But the price of failure was paid in the deaths of 900 people (PBS, 2010). Imagine a community full of a thousand residents and imagine a town flooded and all the people gone, that was w hat happened during and after Hurricane Katrina. Finally, one of the most important lessons of this event was to never underestimate the impact of organizational management. In this case there are a lot of questions and a lot of speculations with regards to the fact that FEMA was absorbed into the Department of Homeland Security.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Failure of Leadership in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to one commentary, â€Å"it took FEMA nearly 15 years and several reorganizations to effectively coordinate and deliver the full resources of the federal government to support state and local governments in responding to major disasters† (Bullock Haddow, 2006). FEMA could have done better if it remained as an independent government agency. Reactions and Observations There were many factors that contributed to the mismanagement of the disaster. Fi rst, FEMA and the Federal Government were not ready to deal with a hurricane and then massive flooding of that magnitude. (Rodger, 2006) Second, everyone from the Federal Government down to the ordinary New Orleans resident underestimated the power of the storm, even in the footage shown by Frontline one can see some soldiers laughing when Katrina already made landfall. And third, there was no interoperability between the Department of Homeland Security, FEMA, state and local government (Burns, 2007). In other words it was not just FEMA, or Washington, or Homeland Security or even the local officials responsible for New Orleans, everyone contributed to the problem and only a few were able to help solve it. It is important to go back to what was previously stated regarding the absence of killer storms and other natural calamities that affected other countries but not the U.S. mainland. This has created a false sense of security and the lack of examples or scenarios that government of ficials can use to request for more funding or to plan ahead. Yet even with this particular problem there was still no excuse because it was not really the first time that coastal areas of America experienced such disasters. In the said video Frontline touched briefly on the storm that hit Miami, Florida and there was devastation there and it should have been enough warning for the government and the people to take seriously the thereat of hurricanes and flooding. Another major factor in increasing the number of dead people and the number of New Orleans residents who experienced extreme hunger, infected with disease, and injury was due to the underestimation of the impact of the storm. This is because FEMA and the Federal Government made basic plans regarding future catastrophes and they even tried to evacuate the residents and yet their warnings were not taken seriously. If the whole of New Orleans would have been evacuated then it was possible that the number of affected people an d the number of deaths would have been much lesser.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The National Guards would have diverted resources to monitor the levies and water levels since it is a well-known fact that New Orleans is situated below sea level. If the Federal Government did not underestimate the strength of Hurricane Katrina then the Coast Guard and the might of the U.S. military would have been ordered on standby to assist trapped residents in the aftermath of the storm. But no one was near enough and quick enough to respond effectively. As it is the lack of preparation and the lack of leadership before and after the storm caught everyone by surprise and the reason why many residents were trapped with the city. They were unable to get out and was vulnerable when the power lines went down and when the floods came in to restrict their movement. This terrible scenario was made worse by the lack of â€Å"interoperability† in terms of communication between first responders. This means that resources were not used effectively because the rescue and relief ope rations were not coordinated. Conclusion Hurricane Katrina exposed the unpreparedness of the Federal Government and state and local officials to deal with a crisis of such magnitude. The failure in leadership was the main reason why no one was prepared to handle the impact of the storm. The reason why no one knew that the levies would break in a city that was below city level and the reason why first responders cannot coordinate their rescue and relief operations. People were angry because no one was helping and the residents of New Orleans trapped in their own homes were angry why no one came. So many things had happened in the past that added one layer of problem after another but in truth there was no particular agency that was at fault. It was the fault of the Federal Government, the Department of Homeland Security, the local and state officials and even the people of New Orleans. The fingerpointing as described by Frontline, must stop and different agencies must learn to work t ogether in dealing with future natural disasters. References Blackstone, E., M. Bognanno, S. Hakim. (2005). Innovations in E-Government: The  thoughts of governors and mayors. MD: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Bullock, J. G. Haddow. (2006). Introduction to Homeland Security. MA: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Burns, L. (2007). FEMA: An Organization in the Crosshairs. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2010). â€Å"FEMA’s Mission.† Retrieved from https://www.fema.gov/ Public Broadcasting Service. (2010). â€Å"The Storm.† Frontline. Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/storm/ Rodger, E. (2006). Hurricane Katrina. New York: Crabtree Publishing.

Victor Joseph Sense of Identity in Reservation Blues by Sherman Alexie

Victor Joseph Sense of Identity in Reservation Blues by Sherman Alexie One of the reasons why many critics refer to Sherman Alexie’s novel Reservation Blues as such that constitutes a particularly high literary value is that in it, Alexie was able to provide readers with the discursive insight as to what accounts for the very formation of the sense of self-identity, on the part of Native Americans that reside in reservations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Victor Joseph Sense of Identity in Reservation Blues by Sherman Alexie specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In its turn, this explains why Alexie’s novel features a number of characters whose positioning in life appears being reflective of different specifics of their exposure to the experiences of a racial discrimination. In my paper, I will aim to substantiate the validity of this suggestion, in regards to the character of Victor Joseph, as a person whose sense of identity is being equally affected by his visually and psy chologically defined ‘nativeness’, on the one hand, and his simultaneous desire to integrate into the White society, on the other. The close reading of Reservation Blues suggests that it is namely Victor’s tendency to succumb to irrational anger, which defines the essence of his life-posture. Such Victor’s tendency can be well illustrated in regards to the fact that, throughout the novel, he never skips an opportunity to refer to other Natives in a particularly sarcastic and even derogatory manner. For example, Victor used to derive an emotional pleasure out of deliberately altering Thomas Builds-the-Fire’s last name, â€Å"’Ya-hey, Builds-the-Shithouse,’ Victor said. ‘Ya-hey,’ Thomas said† (Alexei 17). Apparently, Victor’s experiences of being brought up by Catholic priests naturally caused him to despise the stereotypic emanations of ‘nativeness’, as such that in his mind were closely associate d with the notion of inferiority.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the same time, however, Victor could never embrace the existential identity of Whites, which is exactly the reason why, along with mocking stereotypical ‘nativeness’, Victor used to expose the utter irrelevance of the White people’s cognitive inclinations, which serve as a foundation upon which Christianity rests. Apparently, Victor never ceased being aware of the fact that the Native people’s tendency to reflect upon the surrounding reality through the lenses of an idealistic euro-centrism does not make any sense, whatsoever. Hence, the clearly defined sarcastic sounding of Victor’s referrals to those Natives, who in his mind appear being thoroughly comfortable with embracing ‘perceptional whiteness’, â€Å"’Shit,’ Victor said. ‘ She (Big Mom) thinks shes a medicine woman. She thinks shes Yoda and Junior is Luke Skywalker. Use the force, Junior, use the force† (Alexei 282). Therefore, it does not come as a particular surprise that, throughout the course of Alexei novel’s entirety, Victor continued to exhibit a number of anti-social behavioral traits. After all, as psychologists are being well aware of, people with the ‘split’ sense of self-identity, experience a particularly hard time while trying to attain an emotional comfortableness with what they are. In its turn, this often leads them to act in a particularly rebellious manner, especially when they happened to be under influence. The earlier suggestion helps us to understand the actual essence of Victor’s addiction to alcohol, which often prompted him to indulge in violence.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Victor Joseph Sense of Identity in Reservation Blues by Sherman Alexie specifically for yo u for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is, however, more to that – far from being induced by the alcohol alone, Victor’s violent-mindedness appears being of an essentially defensive nature, because while living in the reservation, he learned rather quickly to recognize the erroneousness of White people’s politically correct rhetoric, directed at Natives. Apparently, Victor’s experiences of socializing with Whites, confirmed the appropriateness of his suspicion that despite their ability to indulge in this kind of rhetoric, most of these people remain just as vicious as their distant ancestors, who robbed Natives of their land. Therefore, Victor’s taste for violence can be well discussed as the byproduct of his awareness that, in order for Native people to be able to defend their interests, their act must match that of their oppressors. That is, they should be willing to use naked force when deemed appropriate. Even though Vic tor remained fully aware of the historical injustices, perpetrated by Whites against American Natives, his endowment with the ‘ambivalent’ racial identity was naturally causing him to strive towards attaining social prominence in a similar manner with Whites. That is, just as it is being the case with the majority of White people, Victor shared the belief that one’s ability to make a lot of money is being synonymous with his or her ability to enjoy happiness in life. Hence, Victor’s obsession with trying to become rich, â€Å"Victor wanted money so bad that he always spent it too quick, as if the few dollars in his wallet somehow prevented him from getting more. Money. Thats all Victor talked about† (Alexei 26). Apparently, despite the fact that Victor fully understood the counter-productive nature of the particulars of his upbringing in Catholic summer camps, he nevertheless could not overcome this upbringing’s negative effects on the very f unctioning of his psyche.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, it will be fully appropriate, on our part; to refer to the character of Victor Joseph in Reservation Blues as such that exemplifies the innermost essence of life-challenges, experienced by Natives that live in reservations. Just as it being the case with Victor, the majority of these people do experiences a number of life-impending anxieties, which in turn come because of Natives’ endowment with the deep-seated suspicion that even today many Whites refer to them in terms of the American society’s ‘burden’. The fact that, as of today, Natives are being provided with many special rights and privileges does not reduce the acuteness of their suspicion, in this respect. What adds to the continuous existence of such state of affairs is that the government’s attempts to integrate Native Americans into American society, as its integral part, remain essentially euro-centric. That is, these attempts ignore the fact that there are no objective reasons to believe that the rationale-based and greed-driven ‘American dream’ appeals to Natives as much as it appeals to White Americans. Moreover, these attempts also ignore the qualitative aspects of how today’s Native Americans go about forming their sense of self-identity, which now has effectively ceased being solely concerned with the stereotypical manifestations of ‘nativeness’. This is exactly what Alexei’s novel about, in general, and the existential stance of Victor Joseph, in particular. I believe that this conclusion is being thoroughly consistent with the paper’s initial thesis. Apparently, there are indeed a number of good reasons to consider Native Americas (especially the representatives of younger generations) that live in reservations, as such that could longer be satisfied with retaining their formally ‘independent’ but de facto strongly dependent social status of ‘noble savages’. In its turn, this im plies that the government’s attitude towards Native Americans should undergo a drastic transformation. Instead of merely exempting Natives from being required to pay taxes, in exchange for their willingness to ‘remain quiet’, while turning a blind eye on what contributes to the many Natives’ inability to lead socially-productive lifestyles, the governmental officials should adopt an active stance, while addressing these people’s existential needs. Bibliography Sherman, Alexie. Reservation Blues, New York: Vintage, 1996. Print.

The 5 Healthiest (and Tastiest) Substitutes for Vegetable Oil

The 5 Healthiest (and Tastiest) Substitutes for Vegetable Oil SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What can you substitute for vegetable oil? Can you substitute olive oil for vegetable oil? In this article we will help you figure why you might want a substitute for vegetable oil and give five vegetable oil substitutes you could use. Why Use a Vegetable Oil Substitute? While the term vegetable oil can refer to any non-animal-based cooking oil, most bottles that are just labeled "vegetable oil" at the store are made up almost entirely of soybean oil, processed to be odorless and flavorless. Generic vegetable oil is not necessarily bad for you, but it may not be the best tool for every cooking job. Here are four reasons why you might want a substitute for vegetable oil: Less Processing Vegetable oil is highly processed to give it a neutral, flavorless quality. Trace amounts of the chemicals used in processing may remain in the oil. If you're trying to avoid overly processed foods, go for cold-or expeller-pressed oils that are manually extracted. More Favorable Fats All cooking oils are basically just fat. The difference is what kinds of fat and what ratio those fats appear in. There are five main fat types of interest when assessing cooking oils: Trans fats: Most experts agree that trans fats are bad and should be avoided, so much so that the FDA is trying to remove them from the food supply. However, just so long as your oil isn't "partially hydrogenated," it should be pretty low in trans fats. Saturated fats: It used to be accepted as gospel that saturated fats are bad for your heart, but recent studies have called this idea into question. Saturated fats could be part of a healthy or unhealthy diet depending on how you are getting those fats and what else you are eating. Plus, saturated fats can withstand very high cooking temperatures without harmful oxidation. Monounsaturated fats: Monounsaturated fats are heart-healthy fats that are more stable (and thus less prone to oxidation) than polyunsaturated fats. Olive oil is super-high in monounsaturated fats. Polyunsaturated fats: Polyunsaturated fats are generally considered to have a positive impact on heart health. These fats can be subdivided into omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids. These fatty acids are both important for health, but omega-3 fatty acids appear to be especially beneficial for reducing inflammation in the body. Additionally, it's best to maintain a good ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 consumption in your diet. (Most Americans consume too much omega-6 and not enough omega-3). Furthermore, polyunsaturated fats oxidize easily when exposed to heat, releasing toxic compounds. Generic vegetable oil tends to be fairly high in polyunsaturated fats (omega-6 specifically). So it oxidizes easily, and it may not help you maintain a favorable omega-3 to omega-6 ratio. The best fats for your purposes, then, will have a lot to do with the rest of your diet and the temperature you are cooking at. Better Smoke Point The smoke point of an oil is the point at which heat starts to break down the oil into toxic compounds that taste bad and shouldn't be inhaled (it's not quite the same as the oxidation point, but the concepts are similar). Oils with higher smoke points are better for things like searing, browning, and frying. Oils with very low smoke points are best for things like making dressing. Flavor! Generic vegetable oils are meant to be flavorless. But that's not always what you want! Many cooking oils you can substitute for vegetable oil can add a delicious flavor to your dish. 5 Vegetable Oil Substitutes: When to Use What Here are some of our favorite cooking oil choices to replace vegetable oil and when to use them. Note that if you are substituting for vegetable oil, you should use the same amount. You can also expect the calorie count to be about the same (about 120 cals per tablespoon), as all of these cooking oils are pretty much 100% fat. Avocado Oil Avocado oil is about 60% monounsaturated fats, 20% polyunsaturated fats (mostly omega-6), and 20% saturated fats. It has a very high smoke point (above 500 degrees) and is pretty oxidation-stable. Unlike the creamy avocado itself, avocado oil has a neutral flavor profile. Pros: Great for high-heat cooking, loaded with healthy fats, easy to find in unrefined-low processed versions. Cons: Avocado oil is expensive! Best for: Anything! Very versatile oil. Canola Oil Canola oil is made from the rapeseed plant. It's about 60% monounsaturated fats, 30% polyunsaturated fats (of which 10% of the total fats are omega-3s), and less than 10% saturated fats. It has a medium-high smoke point of about 400 degrees and a neutral flavor. Pros: It can withstand a decent amount of heat without smoking and won't oxidize as easily as generic vegetable oil. It has a neutral flavor profile, so you don't have to worry about it making your food taste weird. This makes it a versatile oil. Cons: Canola oil is usually pretty processed, so not the best choice if you are going for a more natural oil. Unrefined canola oil is hard to find and pretty expensive. Best for: Baking, oven-cooking, stir-frying or sautà ©ing Coconut Oil Coconut oil is mostly saturated fats (about 90%), which is why it's solid at room temperature. However, it raises both LDL and HDL cholesterol and is pretty stable, making it less prone to oxidation. It has a medium smoke point of about 350 degrees. Pros: Coconut oil has a delicious sweet flavor that complements many dishes. It's readily available in unprocessed, unrefined forms (as virgin coconut oil). Cons: Because of its distinctive flavor, coconut oil needs to be deployed carefully, especially for sautà ©ing. Best for: Sautà ©ing at medium heat, baking (if you are using it in baking, you may want to microwave it for a few seconds first so it gets liquid). It's also great for your hair! Ghee (Grass-Fed) You may be surprised to see ghee, an animal product, on this list! But as Mark Bittman once put it, "Butter is back!" and ghee (or clarified butter) may be even better for some things. Ghee has been used for centuries in Indian cooking. While ghee is high in saturated fats (with about 60% of its calories coming from sat fats), it has a very high smoke point (485 degrees F), it provides some omega-3s, and it is very stable. It doesn't even need to be refrigerated! Pros: Ghee is very low in casein and lactose, making it a great butter substitute for people who are lactose intolerant or dairy sensitive. Additionally, it's a good source of vitamins, especially Vitamin A. It also has a delicious nutty, buttery taste. Cons: Ghee is slightly more calorie-rich than the other fats mentioned, at 135 cals per tablespoon instead of about 120. It also does have about 4% trans fats. And grass-fed ghee- the healthiest kind- is about 4x as expensive as butter on an ounce-per-ounce basis. Best for: High-heat cooking, dairy-sensitive eaters Olive Oil Olive oil is the superhero of cooking oils: it's comprised of over 3/4 monounsaturated fats and thus is resistant to oxidation and heart-healthy. Extra virgin olive oil has a medium-high smoke point of 410 degrees, and more processed "light" or refined olive oil and has a high smoke point of about 470 degrees. Pros: Olive oil is chock-full of healthy fats, flavorful, and great for medium-high to high-heat cooking. Cons: The bold flavors of extra-virgin olive oil may not go well with every dish, which may be an issue if you are trying to substitute vegetable oil for olive oil. Light olive oil- which is refined- has a more neutral flavor and can withstand higher temperatures, but it's not the best choice if you are looking to avoid processed oils. Best for: Extra-virgin is great for sautà ©ing, stir-frying, and oven cooking. Light olive oil is a great choice for searing, browning, frying, and even baking. 5 Substitutes for Vegetable Oil: Summary Why would you want a substitute for vegetable oil? Well, depending on your cooking and health needs, you might want an oil that is less processed, has a more favorable ratio of the different kinds of fats, has a higher smoke point, or has a good flavor! Here are five great vegetable oil substitutes: Avocado Oil Canola Oil Coconut Oil Ghee Olive Oil

Religion and Spirituality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Religion and Spirituality - Essay Example   Americans are guaranteed the right to believe anything they wish by the U.S. Constitution including their own religious belief of creation, but it forbids these suppositions to be taught in public school science courses. Advocates of instructing creationism universally desire to impose their beliefs across a broad range of students of widely varying philosophical backgrounds. Their continuing efforts have persuaded some American schools to teach creationism, or intelligent design theory, instead of or along with evolution. These actions have initiated numerous debates among school boards, state legislatures, and parents. The constitutional concept of the separation of church and state is advantageous for religion. In this case, it ensures that religious instruction will be taught by appropriately trained church personnel and parents and it prevents governmental intervention into religious matters. It also makes certain that school classrooms remain welcoming to all cultures and r eligions. The government can neither promote nor oppose particular religious beliefs or doctrines according to the Constitution as interpreted by the Supreme Court. The Constitution does not impede religion by disallowing creationism to be taught. Instead, it guarantees religious freedoms by protecting individual rights to worship. The idea of creation is undeniably religious doctrine. The government, therefore, cannot promote it in classrooms as science without infringing on the First Amendment. The Supreme Court has held that instructors may not teach that humans were created by God and must present only scientific explanations for the history of life. Creationism cannot be presented as scientific fact.  Ã‚  

How changes in technology and the emergence of a global economy might Essay

How changes in technology and the emergence of a global economy might affect college graduates seeking jobs , and what new skill - Essay Example First of all, communication across cultures is the most important skill one should possess in the global economy. It is essential in the present business world to communicate with people from various cultural backgrounds. Undoubtedly, today’s workplace is rapidly becoming vast as business spreads to new geographic locations. So, knowing how to communicate with various cultures will make business transactions and management easy. Thus, recognizing cultural differences can ensure that the business transactions are successful. In fact, people from dissimilar cultural backgrounds have different ways of communication. This may result in poor communication, and consequently in misunderstanding and frustration. In such a global business arena, it becomes necessary for management students to have good cross cultural communication skills. In fact, the consequences of poor cross-cultural communication are plenty. In the opinion of Don W. Prince et al, they are â€Å"lost confidence, lo st customers, lost business relationships, and lost opportunities† (Prince & Hoppe, 2007, p. 30). The second important skill is computer skills. One cannot think about a business in the modern day world that functions without the aid of a computer. Presently, computer is used by employees at all levels in a company.

Article Precis 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article Precis 1 - Essay Example This report summarizes the research conducted on 233 employers who were investigated for their perceptions regarding the employees’ skills, and their level of satisfaction with the skills of their workforce. Skills studied in this research included generic skills like communication and teamwork. The business sectors assume the responsibility of making the students and universities aware of their expectations so that the skills incorporated in the students through the educational programmes may be made consistent with the requirements of the market. The top ten skills of employees considered important by the employers included in the study in the order from most important to least important were found to be communication skills, team-working skills, integrity, intellectual ability, confidence, character/personality, planning and organization skills, literacy i.e. good writing sills, numeracy i.e. the employees should be good with numbers, and analysis and decision-making skills . At least 60 per cent of the employers considered the social skills of the employees and their personalities more important than their academic qualifications. 85 per cent of the employers considered the communication and team-working abilities of the employees to be of immense importance. The traditional hard skills of literacy and numeracy were found to be ranked 8th and 9th in terms of importance as ranked by the employers. One reason for this could be the fact that employers generally expect the employees to have these hard skills, and these skills are thus taken for granted. According to the employers included in the research, personality of an employee matters more in small companies as compared to large companies because the effect of individuals’ personalities is more influential in small teams as compared to large teams. This research also investigated the top 10 skills that the employers are satisfied with. These skills when ranked from the most important to least important were found to be IT skills, postgraduate qualification, good degree classification, qualification of the employee from a reputable institution, employee’s intellectual ability, character/personality, team-working skills, relevant course of study, integrity, and cultural fit with the company. This research found the importance-satisfaction gaps with respect to the skills of employees in view of the employers. The largest importance-satisfaction gaps in the skills of new graduates ranging from the maximum gap to the minimum gap were found to be in commercial awareness, analysis and decision-making skills, communication skills, literacy i.e. good writing skills, passion, relevant work experience, planning and organizational skills, confidence, and personal development skills. The top ten most important skills in new graduates with respect to the degree of internationalization of the employing firms ranging from the most important to least important were found to be com munication skills, team-working skills, integrity, intellectual ability, confidence, character/personality, planning and organizational skills, literacy, numeracy, and analysis and decision-making skills. The online recruitment media was found to be both the most frequently used recruitment medium and the most effective medium in view of the employers whereas student magazines were found to be both the least frequently used and the least effective medium

Final Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Final - Research Paper Example Various concepts of validity and reliability have been discussed to analyze the extent of accuracy of the measurements in the research. Other than that, the ethical aspects of using human subjects in the research have also been analyzed. Table of Contents Research Methodology 4 Criteria for Research Method Selection 4 Difference between: 4 a)Facts and Theory 4 b)Concepts and Variables 5 Use of Theoretical Perspective in Design Process 5 Validity and Reliability 5 Construct Validity 6 Measurement Reliability 6 Quantitative and Qualitative Research Design 6 Quantitative Research Design 6 Qualitative Research Design 7 Requirement of Ethics in Research 7 Comparative Study between non-experimental, quasi-experimental, and experimental research designs 8 References 9 Research Methodology The process of systematically solving the research problem is called research methodology. It can also be understood as a way to conduct research scientifically. The researchers study the problems and the logic behind them, with the usage of the right research methodology. The researchers not only have to assess the quantitative aspect of any research but also its qualitative dimension too. It is also necessary to analyze the assumptions that have been taken for various techniques and also the criteria by which the techniques could be chosen. In the virtual project management of oil and gas industry, the right methodology for conducting research is by mailing questionnaire to the respondents, conducting telephonic survey or through observation (Kothari, 2008, p. 7-8). Criteria for Research Method Selection As we have already studied, research methodology is the tool for scientifically approaching a research problem. So the success and the failure of the research are mostly depended upon the right research tool selected by the researcher. The criteria for selecting the research tools are not fixed, they vary according to the research problem, the issues behind such situation and the l ogic behind selecting the method of research. In this study the research is conducted to analyze the various issues that arise when companies utilize virtual project tools in the oil sector. These projects are usually undertaken by teams of people who work from different countries around the world. So in this case telephonic survey or questionnaire sent through mails would be the best method for data collection. Difference between: a) Facts and Theory The things which we can see, feel, touch or hear are facts as it can be verified and its existence is real for us. Even when we do not personally experience something, but the experiences of others are also counted as a fact. In research facts are those which can be tested and verified. For example in virtual projects, the virtual project tools such as the satellites show the picture of the oil wells, pipeline or oil spills to the project managers in their offices. This is also a fact. Theory on the other hand utilizes the fact and put forward the reason behind such occurrence. It is the logic behind the fact that took place. In research it is very important to identify the reason behind the problems; otherwise solutions cannot be formulated for the same. b) Concepts and Variables The point of difference between concepts and variables are the measurability. Concepts are perceptions that are created in minds

Philosophical Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophical Questions - Essay Example This paper will provide four arguments that God exists. To begin with, one should point out one simple, yet rather important fact: the belief in divine powers has been known since the dawn of humanity; so, this continuous existence of the tradition might be considered to be an indirect indication of existence of God. Common sense suggests that there is no smoke without fire. If there had not been any divine power, millions of people around the world could not simply have imagined it out of nowhere. Keeping in mind that there was no communication between the groups of the early people, the very existence of religious cults might be regarded as a valid evidence that God exists. Is it possible that people have been mistaken for thousand or years about one of the most defining aspects of their identity? It is rather hard to believe in that. Therefore, the existence of religious beliefs that dates back to the primitive society may be a suitable argument for existence of God. The second indirect indication that God exist focuses on our very lives. Should not the latter be considered to be a true miracle? The process of ovum fertilization by spermatozoid has not only been studied in great details, but also filmed. It may seem that science has taken cover from the greatest mystery – the beginning of live. However, no scholar is able to point out that moment when a small number of cells become a living organism. In other words, science did its best to analyze the world around us, but it could not get a hold of one of the fundamental powers – life. It would not be a mistake to suggest that without any divine intervention the above mentioned set of molecules would have never become a living creature. So, all the organisms in the world are the living arguments for the existence of God. Another point that should be taken into

Annual Marketing Plan Nokia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Annual Marketing Plan Nokia - Essay Example It is evident from the study that the cell phone industry is becoming increasingly competitive as different competitors are coming up with newer products with the aim of taking more and more market share. The needs of the customers have also become sophisticated and now they are demanding better features. In the midst of all this, Nokia is constantly losing market share to rival companies. Apple, Google, HTC, and Samsung are all making inroads into the cell phone industry. These companies have challenged the market leadership of Nokia and in turn have reduced the sales of the company significantly. The situation demands that Nokia acts immediately if the company wants to remain active in the market for a long period. Analysts have suggested lower pricing as the main reason behind company’s low profits. Nokia, in the wake of all the new, had to lower prices in order to compete. This had a toll on the profits of the company. On the other hand Apple and Google are already shrinki ng the market by targeting the youth. The overall situation is developing to be disastrous for the company. Nokia was once the 5th most valuable brand of the world, but now it has plummeted to 79th. This is evidence of the declining situation of the company. Nokia has to invest in its marketing campaign vigorously in order to retain its position in the market. The problem is lower pricing and that can be solved by creating a brand value. Nokia has to create a sense of value for the customers and only then it can justify its higher prices. The product line of the company is the widest in the industry so the problem is not with the products; rather it is with the marketing strategy of the company. The main marketing objective must be to enhance the brand image of the company in the eyes of the users. The main concern for the company should be the emerging markets of Asia where population is growing. The younger population of Asian markets should be targeted by Nokia through marketing campaigns and features of different cell phones should be communicated to the youth. The main aim of the company should be to do away with price based competition with smaller brands. Pricing should be higher than smaller brands and lower than Apple and Google. This pricing can attract major chunk of the market and Nokia should attempt to cash in this market. The strategy of Nokia should be to provide value to the customers beyond lower pricing. People buy Apple even though it is highly priced just because they expect greater value in return. Nokia is also developing cell phones that are of superior quality but it is essential to communicate this to the customers. The company is currently lowering its prices in India as compared to the prices of similar models in other countries (Daga, 2007). Actually the strategy should be to create a sense of higher quality and then charge a premium for that superior quality from the customers. A total of change in company’s marketing dynam ics is needed. Nokia should adopt a more youth oriented approach in its marketing campaigns. The company has very recently announced smart phones with Windows. The company is also changing its marketing appeal with more focus on the younger population (O’Reilly, 2011). Similar tactics should be used to gain more market share all around the world. Nokia should design similar specific campaigns for different models. Customers should know that Nokia is also a valuable brand like Apple and Google. The new Windows smart phones of Nokia are also not being sold for at least a couple of months outside United States (Velazco, 2011). This is a good step that will enable Nokia to focus on US markets. The company can also gain valuable customer insights before going to international markets. Nokia will have to invest heavily in its marketing campaigns. The products should be advertised heavily using social networking

Philosophical Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophical Questions - Essay Example This paper will provide four arguments that God exists. To begin with, one should point out one simple, yet rather important fact: the belief in divine powers has been known since the dawn of humanity; so, this continuous existence of the tradition might be considered to be an indirect indication of existence of God. Common sense suggests that there is no smoke without fire. If there had not been any divine power, millions of people around the world could not simply have imagined it out of nowhere. Keeping in mind that there was no communication between the groups of the early people, the very existence of religious cults might be regarded as a valid evidence that God exists. Is it possible that people have been mistaken for thousand or years about one of the most defining aspects of their identity? It is rather hard to believe in that. Therefore, the existence of religious beliefs that dates back to the primitive society may be a suitable argument for existence of God. The second indirect indication that God exist focuses on our very lives. Should not the latter be considered to be a true miracle? The process of ovum fertilization by spermatozoid has not only been studied in great details, but also filmed. It may seem that science has taken cover from the greatest mystery – the beginning of live. However, no scholar is able to point out that moment when a small number of cells become a living organism. In other words, science did its best to analyze the world around us, but it could not get a hold of one of the fundamental powers – life. It would not be a mistake to suggest that without any divine intervention the above mentioned set of molecules would have never become a living creature. So, all the organisms in the world are the living arguments for the existence of God. Another point that should be taken into

Oliver Cromwell Hero or Villian Essay Example for Free

Oliver Cromwell Hero or Villian Essay Hero = good guy, who did good things, and made life better for all of us. Lots of people (including me) say this. Things we mention to prove it include: 1. He set up the New Model Army which won the Civil War.. 2. He defeated the Scots AND the Irish. 3. He got people to behead the king, and made Parliament the ruler of the kingdom he is sometimes called the daddy of democracy. Hows about that for a hero? 4. He abolished bear-baiting, and punished drunkenness. 5. He allowed Jews to return to start living in England (in this he was way ahead of his time). . He built up the British navy this was the start of Britannia rules the waves. 7. He captured Jamaica from the Spanish the beginning of the British Empire. 8. He was a good, decent family man, who enjoyed a joke and was kind to his children. Villain = bad guy, who did bad things, and made life worse for everybody. Some silly, mistaken people say this. This they mention are: 1. He signed the order that put Charles I to death (and some daft people think this was a bad thing) 2. He took power straight after the Civil War. He made himself Lord Protector and used army officers called Major Generals to rule the country (ie he turned Britain for a time into a military dictatorship) 3. He introduced laws to make people behave in a Christian way some people say he was a killjoy. 4. He put down a rebellion in ireland very cruelly (especially he allowed his soldiers to massacre the Irish soliders when he captured the towns of Drogheda and Wexford).

The Proof Of Gods Existence

The Proof Of Gods Existence When non-Christians and anti-Christians ask that God does not exist and Bible is merely a book, how do Christians answer to them and what should Christians say? Christians are in difficulties to explain God, Bible, and salvation to secular people, because belief of Christians is based on the Holy Bible, which seculars do not believe in, and because Christians do not like explain these thing through secular ways, such as science and philosophy. At this point, there is big gap between Christians and non- and anti-Christians.  [1]  Christians want to explain their belief from, in, and through the Bible, but secular people do not want to listen to the Bible. Christians do not want to cover their belief with secular techniques, but secular people pay attention to explain these through secular methods. For example, according to Kingdom Triangle by J.P. Moreland, scientific naturalism has challenged Christianity and religious belief with four arguments. These arguments are that 1) religious belief is not scientific, 2) religious belief is unprovable, 3) religious belief is unsupported by evidence, and 4) religious belief is superfluous.  [2]  Furthermore, according to the Ethics of Belief written by a nineteenth-century mathematician named W.K. Clifford. He said, Anyone who accepts a religious belief is guilty of acting immorally, irresponsibly, and irrationally.  [3]  According to Faith beyond Reason by C. Stephen Evans, he explains the circumstance of thoughts about faith. There is probably no word in the English language that is more complex and is used in more different senses than the word faith. Religious faith is a concept that both friends and opponents of religion often misunderstand. Thus, the free-thinking critic of religion alleges that religious belief is not backed up by evidence, but is held solely by faith. The critic may mean by this simply that such beliefs have no support at all, but are something like a personal choice made for no good reasons. Embattled religious believers who have no answer for the septic may embrace the same impoverished view of faith, thus relieving themselves of any need to think about their beliefs.  [4]   Do Christians have any solution of this gap of thoughts between Christians and non- and anti-Christians? Do Christians must wait until one day that secular people become Christians by receiving the supernatural grace from God? Christians know the answer is no. Christians must answer the question whether God exist or not, by something that secular people want. Some theologians tried to make a bridge between them by using the philosophical methods. Some hated to be explained their theology and the God by philosophy. Some put theology onto philosophy, and they opened a little gate of mind. Obviously, Christians will find some solution from the synthesis of Thomas philosophy and theology in his achievements.  [5]   Relation between Philosophy and Theology in the history Many theologians tried to systematize the relationship between theology and philosophy, and the relationship is characterized into four forms. The first form is that faith is superior to reason, the second is that reason is superior to faith, the third is to pursuit harmony between faith and reason, and the forth is to assert disconnection between them . These four figures have been represented peoples worldview in the history. Faith Priority People who suggested faith priority opposed the reason of people, and only use the Bible, revelation, and faith. The reason why the people conflicted to the reason is that there are big risks of using reason to theological foundation and faith. They believed philosophy itself has fault and error, and there is the limitation of philosophy. These people believed that if theologians use the reason having error to explain revelation, revelation could not be revelation, and revelation would be damaged its characters. For instance, even though Aristotle maintained the first mover, and he accepted polytheism, he did not believe in the Creator God. The theologians who asserted faith priority were Tertullian. What indeed has Athens to do with Jerusalem? This question of the relation between reason, here represented by Athens, and faith, represented by Jerusalem, was posed by the church father Tertullian (c.160-230 CE), and it remains a central preoccupation among contemporary philosophers of religion.  [6]   Tertullian, the early Church Father, considered the thoughts of philosophy as the source of heresy. He wrote in the book concerning the death and resurrection of Christ: It is by all means to be believed; because it is absurdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.the fact is certain because it is impossible,  [7]   Reason Priority The reason priority is the idea that the humans reason could discover all truth, and everything is measured by the reason. A theologian Sieger von Brabant asserted that the philosophy of Aristotle is the best result of the wisdom of human.  [8]  Revelation must be explained by Aristotles philosophy, and his philosophy must be the measure of revelation. People could understand the Word of God by theological ways, but theological ways is not always clear to people. Therefore, Aristotles philosophy is the real truth, and theology must be reorganized by the philosophy. Peoples mind could be clean by philosophy. Famous rationalists, Rene Descartes, Benedict Spinoza, and Immanuel Kant, believed that everything could be explained by reason, and people have ability to measure religion. Immanuel Kant succinctly summed up the reason only movement with the title of his book, Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone.  [9]   Disconnection Nominalism at 14-15 century is the idea that there is any connection between faith and reason. A nominalist, William Ockham, improved the theory of knowledge. Ockham believed that people could talk about god if there are resemblance between God and human, but because there are no similarity between god and people, Ockham disagreed epistemology of revelation. Therefore, God is shown only through revelation, so, reason is almost nothing. Some evaluate Ockham: Ockham is not a radical intellectual separatist who disdains natural reason or regards with suspicion any Christian thinker who wishes to study the works of non-Christian philosophers with the same intensity as the books of Sacred Scripture. In fact, anyone familiar with Ockhams thought knows that he has immense respect for Aristotle and that his theology is marked by (what he believes to be) Aristotelian positions on a wide range of issues in ontology and philosophical semanticsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Ockhams is an irenic separatism that rejects the prototypically Catholic intellectual project of unifying classical philosophy and the Christian faith in such a way as to exhibit the latter as the perfection of the former, and yet that stops short of disdaining the light of natural reason in the manner of radical intellectual separatismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Ockham will always be viewed as something of an outsider both by the radical separatist, who is bent on isolating faith and reason completely f rom one another, and by the mainstream Catholic thinker, who seeks a genuine synthesis of faith and reason.  [10]   Harmony Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus agree with harmony between faith and reason. The reason is both of them came from One God both faith and reason. It is true that the Bible shows some awareness of the fact that not everyone believes in God. Many people are regarded as worshipping false gods rather than the true God, and it is noted that the fool has said in his heart that there is no God (Psalm 14:1). In Romans 1, Paul explains that there is a natural knowledge of God, which is sufficient to make human beings responsible before God, but that this knowledge can be and has been suppressed. The Bible as a whole seems to assume that people are aware of Gods reality, or at least that they can be aware of God without any special revelation or philosophical argument.  [11]   People thought either reason or faith is better than another. However, Thomas accepts both reason and faith are God-given faculties, and they cannot ultimately be opposed one another. The reason people believe one is better than another is either philosophy has been misused or faith has mistook Gods revelation. The proper sphere of reason is philosophy, in which man seeks to discover the first cause and final purpose of all his manifold experience, and the departmental sciences in which man seeks to discover immediate causes and how they operate in particular fields. The object and aim of philosophy and the sciences is to discover truth. Now St. Thomas believes that God is Truth and the Source of all truth. Hence all mans efforts to aim true knowledge are really directed towards God.  [12]   Thomas Aquinas Background and Thoughts Aristotles Effect Aristotle attempt about god influenced not only the history of philosophy but also the history of Christianity deeply and widely. Aristotle systematized thoughts about god that previous people had, and he especially developed ideas of god based on the idea of a philosopher Parmenides. Many theologians did not have free from the ideas of Aristotle for a long time. For example, Parmenides term, unmoved mover, flowed into the idea of Aristotle, and philosopher Aristotles conception came into the proof of God of theologian Thomas Aquinas.  [13]   I take Thomass relationship to Aristotle to be a complex one, and hardly one of disciple to master. Thomas is surely an admirer of Aristotle and a brilliant commentator on his writings. In particular, he thinks Aristotle more useful for Christian theology than Plato, not least because Aristotle helps him focus on and analyze the concrete particular existing thing, which for him fits well with the Christian ideas of creation and incarnation.  [14]   However, even though Aquinas used the thoughts and terms of Aristotle, Aquinas developed Aristotles things toward Christian things.  [15]  According to Bauerschmidt, Thomas is not an Aristotelian, because his strong interest in Aristotle must be balanced by the fact that he draws upon a wide range of thinkers, including the two very different forms of Neoplatonic Christian theology represented by Augustine and by Dionysius the Arepagite, both of whom are pervasive influences on Thomass writings, because he is willing to change Aristotle both when he conflicts with divine revelation and when Thomas judges him to be philosophically inadequate.  [16]   Aristotle and Aquinas have many similar thoughts on the way that the human person should live. Both of them believe that humans are rational beings. They also believe that because humans are rational they can follow their instincts and live a life of moral goodness. Aquinas however, believed that God was leading human beings to a rational, moral life, while Aristotle believed that being moral was naturally inherent in human beings. Although they had different views as to why human beings should want to live a good life, they both agreed that the one thing that humans should strive for is eudaimonia. Aquinas, being an Aristotelian, agreed with many of the ways in which Aristotle viewed the human person. However, where he diverged was his belief in God. He took the teachings of Aristotle and added God to them so that they would allow for more acceptances from our Christian society.  [17]   Aquinas Harmony Thomas Aquinas was very wise theologian and philosopher in terms of his attempted to use philosophy to explain the God.  [18]  Aquinas believed that everything on the earth came from the one God, so the creatures of God showed people Himself. Aquinas took up a positive attitude to use reason, and pursuit the harmony not only between theology and philosophy, but also between faith and reason. In this perspective, Thomas Aquinas tried to prove the existence of God in his book, Summa Theologiae. However, to Aquinas, theology is always better than philosophy and above it. Aquinas did not think that the proof of the existence of God is proving the existence of the Christians God. Rather Aquinas does this not to prove to the atheist the a God exists but to show that the normal way in which people use the word God is not nonsensicalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.  [19]   In his achievements, Summa Theologiae and Summa Contra Gentiles, there is the proof of existence of God by five ways. The arguments are 1) from motion, 2) from the nature of the efficient cause, 3) from possibility and necessity, 4) from the gradation to be found in things, and 5) from the governance of things. Aquinas used some terms and ideas of Aristotle in his argument. Even though Thomas Aquinas and his proof of existence of God were not perfect, his effort to make harmony between reason and faith, his attempt to meet the ideas of philosophers, and his humility to the Christian God must be honored by Christians who are ignoring reason.  [20]   The Five Way and Sources The First way: Motion It is certain, and evident to our senses, that in the world some things are in motion. But whatever moves is moved by something else, for nothing can be moved unless it has a potential for that toward which it is moved; whereas something moves inasmuch as it is actual, since motion is nothing other than the transition of something from potentiality to actuality. But nothing can be moved from potentiality to actuality except by something in a state of actuality.  [21]   Thomas Aquinas was very much aware of the fact that he was using materials form philosophical tradition. People may think that the First Ways remote origin is Platos reduction of all movements to a being or form which is essentially movement.  [22]   However, St. Thomas argument is directly dependent on Aristotles demonstration of the existence of the First unmoved Mover, especially in his book, the Physics.  [23]   Did motion itself ever come into existence, never having been before? And will it in like manner cease to be, so that nothing will move thereafter? Or did it never begin to be and will it never cease to be, so that there always has been and always will be motion, belonging to all things as their deathless and never- failing property and constituting a kind of life for everything that is constituted by nature?  [24]   If a thing is in motion it is, of necessity, being kept in motion by something. If it has not the source of its motion within itself, then it is clear enough that it is being moved by something. If on the other hand its source of motion is in itself, let AB represent something that is in motion, not accidentally by virtue of some part of it being on motion, but primarily and in itselfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.The series mist therefore come to an end, and there must be a first moved mover.  [25]   The second way: Causality People may say that the second way was prepared by Platos doctrine of the Demiurge that framed the world, and Aquinas seems to ascribe the argument to Aristotle.  [26]   However, the Second way came to be used by several authors, at least in a less formal manner, such as Cicero, Philo, and Avicenna.  [27]   Furthermore, Aristotle could hardly demonstrate of Gods existence, but Aquinas refrains from reading a demonstration of Gods existence in to these lines.  [28]   In the perceptible world we find that there is an order of efficient causes; but we do not find, nor could we find, anything that is the efficient cause of itself, for in that case it would be prior to itself, which is impossible. Now in efficient causes it is not possible to go on to infinity, because in every ordered series of efficient causes the first is the cause of the intermediate cause, and the intermediate is the cause of the ultimate cause, whether there are many intermediate causes or only oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Therefore it is necessary to accept some first efficient cause, to which everyone gives the name of God.  [29]   The Third Way: Contingency The third way is taken from possibility and necessity, and goes like this: we find among things those that have the possibility of existing or not existing, since they are found to be generated, and to corrupt, and consequently have the possibility of existing or not existing. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Therefore, if at one time nothing was in existence, it would have been impossible for anything to have begun to exist; and thus even now nothing would exist-which is obviously false. Therefore one must posit the existence of something that is the necessity of other things. This is what everyone speaks of as God.  [30]   St. Augustine takes up Platonic argument: whatever changes, does not exist of itself but is made by another, and St. John Damascene takes this argument.  [31]   Besides, the non-Christian authors also developed a proof of the existence of God from the mutability of things.  [32]   While, people must conclude that Aquinas used the Third Way in a novel and original way to construct an argument which is his own, because St. Thomas followed the Jewish philosopher quite closely and because he has differences come to light and an essential part.  [33]  . The Forth Way: Properties One finds among things that there are some more and some less good, true, noble, and so forth. But more and less are said of different things insofar as they approach, in their different ways, something that is the maximum, as in the case of a thing being said to be hotter insofar as it most nearly resembles that which is hottestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Therefore there must also be something that is to all beings the cause of their existence, goodness, and every other perfection; and this we call God.  [34]   The ultimate source of the Fourth Way is Plato. There is an outline of the argument in the Symposium, and St. Thomas also uses the argument in a form which goes back to Proclus.  [35]   St. Thomas Aquinas acknowledges this attachment of the argument to Plato. Leo explained, above all Aristotle teaches the unity of being, which to St. Thomas is of paramount importance: the transcendental coalesce in the unity of the concrete thing and do not constitute juxtaposed distinct formal realities.  [36]   Obviously, however, the argument of St. Thomas fundamentally differs from Platos view of participation. The Fifth way: Design The fifth way is based on the guidedness of nature. Goal-directed behavior is observed in all bodies obeying natural laws, even when they lack awareness. Their behavior hardly ever varies and practically always turns out well, showing that they truly tend to goals and do not merely hit them by accident. But nothing lacking awareness can tend to a goal except it be directed by someone with awareness and understanding; the arrow, for example, requires an archer. Everything in nature, therefore, is directed to its goal by someone with understanding, and this we call God.  [37]   The teleological argument, the fifth way, is that proof of Gods existence which is most widely found in religious and philosophical tradition.  [38]   The reason is that it is obvious to man that order does not come from nothing but requires someone who arranges things.  [39]   Xenophon, Plato, and Aristotle present the argument in their books, Memorabilia, Timaeus and the Laws, and De philosophia. St. Thomas quotes a text to this effect of St. John Damascenus. Conclusion In summary, St. Thomas Aquinas used philosophical idea and terms to proof of existence of God in his book, Summa Theologiae. Finding the ideas of Aristotle, Plato, and Xenophon in the book of Aquinas is not difficult, because Aquinas acknowledged philosophy and philosophical methods to one of gifts given from God. Therefore, St. Thomas Aquinas is a person who tried to use philosophy to understand revelation. To Aquinas, reason and faith are important to recognize God. However, even though Thomas accepted philosophy, he did not remain the area of philosophy. Thomas developed philosophical thoughts to theological ideas and Christian thoughts. Therefore, St. Thomas Aquinas is n wise person in terms of filling the gap between reason and faith. Thomas uniquely unites the two sides of the debate within the proof, so, in this proof, people find a synthesis of Thomas philosophy and theology.